Maintaining a version of self-presentation that is generally considered to be attractive can help to increase one's social capital, and this method is commonly implemented by individuals at networking events. There are many methods behind self-presentation, including self disclosure (identifying what makes you "you" to another person), managing appearances (trying to fit in), ingratiation, aligning actions (making one's actions seem appealing or understandable), and alter-casting (imposing identities on other people). The findings also add to the idea that the brain evolved to be particularly sensitive to "bad guys" or cheaters-fellow humans who undermine social life by deception, theft or other non-cooperative behavior. The study contributes to a body of work showing that far from being objective, human perceptions are shaped by unconscious brain processes that determine what they "choose" to see or ignore-even before they become aware of it. Ī new study finds that, all other things being equal, people are more likely to pay attention to faces that have been associated with negative gossip than those with neutral or positive associations. The degree of self-efficacy describes whether a person is convinced that it is possible to convey the intended impression. This refers to the content of an assertion, which also leads to distinct ways of presentation of aspects of the self. A person's goals are another factor governing the ways and strategies of impression management. The actions have to be appropriate to the targets, and within that culture, so that the kind of audience as well as the relation to the audience influences the way impression management is realized. Specifically, the surrounding cultural norms determine the appropriateness of particular nonverbal behaviours. Furthermore, the characteristics of a given social situation are important. Logically, the awareness of being a potential subject of monitoring is also crucial. It can be stated that impression management becomes necessary whenever there exists a kind of social situation, whether real or imaginary. Theory Motives Ī range of factors that govern impression management can be identified. Goffman "proposed to focus on how people in daily work situations present themselves and, in so doing, what they are doing to others", and he was "particularly interested in how a person guides and controls how others form an impression of them and what a person may or may not do while performing before them". In other words, the theory is about how individuals wish to present themselves, but in a way that satisfies their needs and goals. Impression management theory states that one tries to alter one's perception according to one's goals. The foundation and the defining principles of impression management were created by Erving Goffman in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. The concept of impression management is applicable to academic fields of study such as psychology and sociology as well as practical fields such as corporate communication and media. The notion of impression management was first applied to face-to-face communication, but then was expanded to apply to computer-mediated communication. Impression management is usually used synonymously with self-presentation, in which a person tries to influence the perception of their image. Impression management can be used with either benevolent or malicious intent. Impression management is possible in nearly any situation, such as in sports (wearing flashy clothes or trying to impress fans with their skills), or on social media (only sharing positive posts). By utilizing such behaviors, those who partake in impression management are able to control others' perception of them or events pertaining to them. Impression management behaviors include accounts (providing "explanations for a negative event to escape disapproval"), excuses (denying "responsibility for negative outcomes"), and opinion conformity ("speak(ing) or behav(ing) in ways consistent with the target"), along with many others. It was first conceptualized by Erving Goffman in 1959 in The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, and then was expanded upon in 1967. Impression management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction. Process to attempt to influence perceptions
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